This table Giovanni di Paolo (XV century) is an exercise in propaganda and apologetics: Thomas Aquinas from his chair has stretched to a Averroes barely if you can hold in their hands an Aristotelian treatise with which he has tried to defend themselves. The unequal encounter have seen other parents and scholars of Catholicism triumphant (witnesses can be Boethius Bonaventure Bagnorea, Peter Abelard and Augustine of Hippo). .
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TWO KEY FEATURES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH INSTITUTION IN MID-LATE THIRTEENTH CENTURY ARE THOSE OF THE DIFFICULTY OF FINDING A SEAT IN THE FABRIC OF THE NEW INSTITUTIONAL monarchy, and of stubborn BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A LINE Dogmatic preventing the free INTERPRETATION OF DOCTRINAL AND SACRED TEXTS
A mid-thirteenth century, while they were entrenched across of the then not so old Europe, domains and aristocratic dynasties from which would be the next modern monarchies, a long way from the definition of a map of Europe of nation states, but social forces brewing and that will make possible " The Catholic Church holds as an institution with interests and projections that suggest both the spiritual and doctrinal level, established on the doctrinal foundations of medieval scholasticism, as the material plane or so-called worldly business or 'worldly' (endowments of clerics with political dignitaries, recognizing the power of granting indulgences, negotiations for the appointment voters of the Holy Roman Empire, establishing mandatory churches subsist territorial tithing, and so on).
dispersion and heterogeneous ethnic ancestries are saying in the European territories from the most western Hispanic kingdoms which are beating against the Abbasid Caliphate by then decaying Russian principalities to the east by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, the internal instability enhanced by the existence of various minorities, some of which, for example, the Jewish minorities from the wave of expulsions began in England in 1290 and will culminate with the English and Portuguese, 1492 , 1497 - not just resigned to the formula Caesaropapism promoted by Rome, and the remaining power of military orders and other regional institutions of medieval plant (judicial domains) make it difficult to consolidate the ideal of a Europe under the aegis of Christian monarchies of Roman Catholicism.
Added to these circumstances, the rise of Latin Averroism especially important in France (Paris University), and the emergence of new sects regarded as heretical in Lower Burgundy or northern Italy, Bulgaria ... some of which were opposed militarily (French Albigensian Crusade from 1209 to 1229), forcing the Catholic Church launched the company twice a redefinition of its doctrine and consolidating its influence on earth. The institution of the Tribunal of the Inquisition in the minutes of the Lateran Council (1215) perfectly expresses the determination of the church hierarchy who can answer, among other things, the mimesis between Church and Empire from the time of Constantine ( Edict of Milan: 313), the first Christian emperor in the ecumenical sense of the term, mimesis or collusion between the powers would be strengthened considerably under the aegis of Charlemagne, king of the Franks and Lombards and founder of the Carolingian Empire that after his conversion to Christianity in 800 AD Christmas, would then reconstituted as a purely owner Roman Empire but direct antecedent of the Holy Roman Empire (with Otto I, 962).
in the papacy of Innocent IV (1243-1254) ends extend doctrinal and institutional base from which to secure a power structure that can help reconcile imperial projection of the Church (Roman) with the display of the defined dogma incontestability from the high church hierarchies. To the same end promulgating a Corpus Iuris Canonici, which starts from Gratiani Decretum (1140), aims, and get, strengthening the legal autonomy of the Church at the same time giving and accepted the legitimacy of the political and legal custody of the same on those religious monarchies whose owners, beset by a wide range of internal problems, seeking to establish itself as "Catholic kings" or, in certain cases as candidates for the dignity of the Holy Roman Empire elector . The flashpoints disputes between Frederick II, emperor sacro-Germanic from 1220, and the popes Honorius III and Gregory IX, which passed from consecrated as Emperor excommunicated on two occasions (two consecrations and two excommunications), expressed very clearly that, despite all these efforts that makes the Church to find a balance on earthly things, this goal was still quite far from being achieved in XIII century.
IN THIS HISTORICAL CONTEXT IS INSERTED THE WORK OF THOMAS AQUINAS. This
we have established is, very roughly, would be the complex historical context in which it was founded in 1216 the order of Santo Domingo de Guzman, a Predicatorum Ordo Fratrum, ex professo dedicated to preaching and defense of Catholic dogma ( apologetic). In this order of 'preaching friars' paid Thomas Aquinas in 1243. After a period of study and learning under the tutelage of Albert the Great, first in Paris and later in Cologne, was established as a lecturer at the University of Paris in 1252, while studying to achieve the degree doctor, he got in 1256 and was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the same university this year. Then, they were very professorial cited his early writings, especially the super Scripta libri Sententiarum (commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard). Required in 1259 in Rome by Pope Alexander IV and remains close to the curia, as a counselor and theologian, apologist, for nine years. Rome obtained leave to return to Paris in 1268, in order to soak up the view Averroists that threatened to undermine the principle of the teaching authority of the Church, to uphold the principle of double truth. During this stay polemicized from his chair with Siger Averroist of Brabant, who was quick to disavow as a theologian. Despite his efforts to refute the Averroism and other 'deviations' doctrine will develop much more patient and written extensively, with this great Refutatio, the most lean of his extensive literary production. But the originality and power of it is to be found not only in theological and apologetic plane, but in the more purely philosophical as after disallowing Averroism from a theological perspective, it was decided to do so in the field developing a vast philosophical reinterpretation Aristotle thought that eventually overruling the proposals not only of Averroists, but those of Averroes himself, the wisest of the Gentiles. While carrying out this task, and according to the Augustinian principle of surveillance of rationality in faith (albeit from a naturalistic perspective), was defending the idea of \u200b\u200bperfect rationality of the Catholic principle of subordination of the temporal power of the Church from the base of the theological definition of a natural law in which the hierarchy is presented as a providential order. All this enormous task enrolled in its two larger works: the Summa contra gentiles (1261-1264), and the Summa Theologica (1265-1273), which is his main work, and could not complete since death surprised 'doctor angelic 'way of Lyon, to participate in the Council, while almost culminated in its drafting.
An outstanding feature, and often forgotten or dismissed from the work of Thomas Aquinas, is its current doctrinal synthesizer as seemingly disparate as they may be those that express the writings of Aristotle, Plato, Augustine, Boethius, Averroes , Avicenna, Maimonides, Ibn Gabirol, etc. About this same trait of 'inculturation' which has its work will also be interesting to observe that the work of re-reading the original texts of Aristotle was possible thanks to the work of the School of Translators Toledo, which was the institution which made the Latin version of the texts of Aristotle. These texts, Aristotle, only known from fragmentary references and to the translation from Arabic into Latin version of Córdoba (Arabic), and formed the basis of reading literature that French Averroists comments made both to the work of Averroes aristotelian as the sources 'original' of Aristotle. Thomas Aquinas used the term 'heathen', Pauline descent to refer to theologians Averroist attached to the doctrine, ie the scholastics, Muslim or not, whose readings and reflections came from these sources Toledo.
A mid-thirteenth century, while they were entrenched across of the then not so old Europe, domains and aristocratic dynasties from which would be the next modern monarchies, a long way from the definition of a map of Europe of nation states, but social forces brewing and that will make possible " The Catholic Church holds as an institution with interests and projections that suggest both the spiritual and doctrinal level, established on the doctrinal foundations of medieval scholasticism, as the material plane or so-called worldly business or 'worldly' (endowments of clerics with political dignitaries, recognizing the power of granting indulgences, negotiations for the appointment voters of the Holy Roman Empire, establishing mandatory churches subsist territorial tithing, and so on).
dispersion and heterogeneous ethnic ancestries are saying in the European territories from the most western Hispanic kingdoms which are beating against the Abbasid Caliphate by then decaying Russian principalities to the east by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, the internal instability enhanced by the existence of various minorities, some of which, for example, the Jewish minorities from the wave of expulsions began in England in 1290 and will culminate with the English and Portuguese, 1492 , 1497 - not just resigned to the formula Caesaropapism promoted by Rome, and the remaining power of military orders and other regional institutions of medieval plant (judicial domains) make it difficult to consolidate the ideal of a Europe under the aegis of Christian monarchies of Roman Catholicism.
Added to these circumstances, the rise of Latin Averroism especially important in France (Paris University), and the emergence of new sects regarded as heretical in Lower Burgundy or northern Italy, Bulgaria ... some of which were opposed militarily (French Albigensian Crusade from 1209 to 1229), forcing the Catholic Church launched the company twice a redefinition of its doctrine and consolidating its influence on earth. The institution of the Tribunal of the Inquisition in the minutes of the Lateran Council (1215) perfectly expresses the determination of the church hierarchy who can answer, among other things, the mimesis between Church and Empire from the time of Constantine ( Edict of Milan: 313), the first Christian emperor in the ecumenical sense of the term, mimesis or collusion between the powers would be strengthened considerably under the aegis of Charlemagne, king of the Franks and Lombards and founder of the Carolingian Empire that after his conversion to Christianity in 800 AD Christmas, would then reconstituted as a purely owner Roman Empire but direct antecedent of the Holy Roman Empire (with Otto I, 962).
in the papacy of Innocent IV (1243-1254) ends extend doctrinal and institutional base from which to secure a power structure that can help reconcile imperial projection of the Church (Roman) with the display of the defined dogma incontestability from the high church hierarchies. To the same end promulgating a Corpus Iuris Canonici, which starts from Gratiani Decretum (1140), aims, and get, strengthening the legal autonomy of the Church at the same time giving and accepted the legitimacy of the political and legal custody of the same on those religious monarchies whose owners, beset by a wide range of internal problems, seeking to establish itself as "Catholic kings" or, in certain cases as candidates for the dignity of the Holy Roman Empire elector . The flashpoints disputes between Frederick II, emperor sacro-Germanic from 1220, and the popes Honorius III and Gregory IX, which passed from consecrated as Emperor excommunicated on two occasions (two consecrations and two excommunications), expressed very clearly that, despite all these efforts that makes the Church to find a balance on earthly things, this goal was still quite far from being achieved in XIII century.
IN THIS HISTORICAL CONTEXT IS INSERTED THE WORK OF THOMAS AQUINAS. This
we have established is, very roughly, would be the complex historical context in which it was founded in 1216 the order of Santo Domingo de Guzman, a Predicatorum Ordo Fratrum, ex professo dedicated to preaching and defense of Catholic dogma ( apologetic). In this order of 'preaching friars' paid Thomas Aquinas in 1243. After a period of study and learning under the tutelage of Albert the Great, first in Paris and later in Cologne, was established as a lecturer at the University of Paris in 1252, while studying to achieve the degree doctor, he got in 1256 and was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the same university this year. Then, they were very professorial cited his early writings, especially the super Scripta libri Sententiarum (commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard). Required in 1259 in Rome by Pope Alexander IV and remains close to the curia, as a counselor and theologian, apologist, for nine years. Rome obtained leave to return to Paris in 1268, in order to soak up the view Averroists that threatened to undermine the principle of the teaching authority of the Church, to uphold the principle of double truth. During this stay polemicized from his chair with Siger Averroist of Brabant, who was quick to disavow as a theologian. Despite his efforts to refute the Averroism and other 'deviations' doctrine will develop much more patient and written extensively, with this great Refutatio, the most lean of his extensive literary production. But the originality and power of it is to be found not only in theological and apologetic plane, but in the more purely philosophical as after disallowing Averroism from a theological perspective, it was decided to do so in the field developing a vast philosophical reinterpretation Aristotle thought that eventually overruling the proposals not only of Averroists, but those of Averroes himself, the wisest of the Gentiles. While carrying out this task, and according to the Augustinian principle of surveillance of rationality in faith (albeit from a naturalistic perspective), was defending the idea of \u200b\u200bperfect rationality of the Catholic principle of subordination of the temporal power of the Church from the base of the theological definition of a natural law in which the hierarchy is presented as a providential order. All this enormous task enrolled in its two larger works: the Summa contra gentiles (1261-1264), and the Summa Theologica (1265-1273), which is his main work, and could not complete since death surprised 'doctor angelic 'way of Lyon, to participate in the Council, while almost culminated in its drafting.
An outstanding feature, and often forgotten or dismissed from the work of Thomas Aquinas, is its current doctrinal synthesizer as seemingly disparate as they may be those that express the writings of Aristotle, Plato, Augustine, Boethius, Averroes , Avicenna, Maimonides, Ibn Gabirol, etc. About this same trait of 'inculturation' which has its work will also be interesting to observe that the work of re-reading the original texts of Aristotle was possible thanks to the work of the School of Translators Toledo, which was the institution which made the Latin version of the texts of Aristotle. These texts, Aristotle, only known from fragmentary references and to the translation from Arabic into Latin version of Córdoba (Arabic), and formed the basis of reading literature that French Averroists comments made both to the work of Averroes aristotelian as the sources 'original' of Aristotle. Thomas Aquinas used the term 'heathen', Pauline descent to refer to theologians Averroist attached to the doctrine, ie the scholastics, Muslim or not, whose readings and reflections came from these sources Toledo.
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