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Descubren esculturas que adornaron fachada del Templo Mayor - Researchers National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) found five sculptures, three fragments, which were eventually placed on the facades of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan, between 1325 and 1521 AD; between representations of found stone, architectural highlights a nail-shaped skull, the largest yet found in the vicinity of pre-Hispanic site. This finding was recorded during the excavation which oversees Urban Archaeology Program (PAU) at the Plaza Gamio, on one side of the Catedral Metropolitana, in the Historic Center of Mexico City which enables the construction site of a new access to the archaeological site and museum that will house the monolith of Tlaltecuhtli, Mexica deity of the earth. The archaeologist Raul Barrera Rodriguez, head of the program that is part of Templo Mayor Project, announced that within the limits of the streets Seminar and Guatemala, was found a mass of about 12.20 m by 7.70 m, where the Aztecs threw many materials, including the remains of sculptures found. A few weeks ago, in digging the first level of the pit, five sculptures were found, the remains of a cist or stone box whose offering was withdrawn by its own Tenochca well two trunks that remained in situ because they extend further and longer samples were taken to define the tree species.
The five monoliths carved in volcanic stone, "were placed at some point in the facade of the Templo Mayor, which we know because we are finding as fill material," said archaeologist Raul Barrera. In these parts a nail protruding architectural skull-shaped stone, 88 cm long by 40 cm wide, the largest discovered in the vicinity of the Temple. Some buildings were decorated with elements of stone that is embedded to form a design on the walls; representation of the skull was covered with a layer of stucco and applied this color. It also highlights the fragment of a large sculpture (96 cm long by 65 wide), which allows us to observe low relief sections having a knee leg adorned with a monster mask of land, and calf with eagle feathers, also carries an X-shaped framework with symbols of chalchihuites (jades). This imagery points to the representation of a deity of the earth, probably Coatlicue. Other sculptures are a snake's head (46 cm long by 25 high) that was cut and maintains much of its pigment red ocher battlements biznaga shaped, 50 cm high and 25 thick, and the fragment of a stone carving (38 x 35 cm thick and 28) that should be quite large, which is seen surrounded by a quadrangle band and the recording of a circular element that represents the sun.
Raul Barrera said that according to archaeological evidence, in the place where the grave was located, there was a floor-made between AD 1486-1502, "which was demolished by the Aztecs to dig a pit in the deposited items architectural sculptures, among other objects, some of which were partially destroyed or intentionally "killed" before being thrown. "At the moment we do not know what was the reason for this, but the finding shows that this action had a ritual purpose, possibly happened in the last phase of Mexican occupation, between 1502 and 1521, in exchange for construction of the Templo Mayor, considering that this is an area very close to it, the most important building of the ceremonial precinct. "After the grave was filled with these sculptures, stones and earth, the Aztecs placed back layers of volcanic rock and lime-sand, covered with slabs, ie was the bottom of the last stage of occupation by that walked the English on arrival at Mexico-Tenochtitlan, "said the owner of the PAU. Archaeologist Raul Barrera said he did not have time to continue the exploration of the pit they were discovered the remains of the sculptures, because the excavation is still in Plaza Gamio, in an area comprising 52 m long by 22 wide- , in the short term will coincide with the site's House Nava Mayorazgo Chávez (The Ajaracas), where INAH archaeologists carry out research in the area where it was discovered Tlaltecuhtli. For its part, the archaeologist Roberto Martínez Meza, head of the excavation area, commented that this point of the Plaza Gamio also had to be open during the pre-Hispanic times. "It was a great place to mention Bernal Díaz del Castillo and Hernán Cortés in his writings, the latter said that when they (the English) to Tenochtitlan and destroy one of the entrances to the ceremonial site, find a place enlajada. "We're seeing really was an open space, front and side of the Temple, they found not only evidence of floors," the specialist, recalling that the Seminary Square and its vicinity were explored since the early twentieth century by experts as Leopoldo Batres, Manuel Gamio and Emilio Cuevas, finding Mexica floors, a corner and the rudeness of the Templo Mayor. (Source INAH)
Monday, March 28, 2011
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Ancient Mesoamerica News Updates 2011, No. 19: Mexico City - The Exhibit six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment Opened March 17 Yesterday, Thursday March 17, 2011, the exhibit "Six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment" STD Officially Opened doors to the public. The National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) posted on the bulletin Following the opening of the exhibit at the National Museum of Anthropology (MNA) in Mexico City (edited by amanu):
"Six Cities in Mesoamerica "opens at the Museum of Anthropology - For the first time, 411 pieces archaeological-some never before exhibited, from six cities of ancient Mexico, are presented in the National Museum of Anthropology , in an exhibition that brings together the former cities of Monte Alban, Palenque, El Tajin, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.
This is the great exhibition entitled six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment, opened last night Alfonso de Maria y Campos, general director of National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), who extended an invitation extended to the public to visit this exhibition bears witness to "a history shared that unites us as Mexicans. "
After indicating that this exhibition can be enjoyed with the same ticket to the Museum of Anthropology, INAH holder highlighted the efforts of various departments of the Institute to bring together this unique archaeological collection and the dedication of several specialists for conservation and restoration of pre-Hispanic works on display for the first time, including three wooden lintels that belonged to a building Tlatelolco, preserved through the work of 15 years by the expert Luisa Mainou. Six
ancient cities in Mesoamerica, "he said represents a unique opportunity" for people, particularly the new generations come to know this part of Mexico. We want and hope that in four or five months of his tenure, everyone can see.
"The Mesoamerican civilization had a single trunk and developed a huge variability of traits, this was due in large part because these people had to build and consolidate an urban reality different from their environment", said De Maria and Campos, explaining the premise of this exhibition.
At the opening ceremony, accompanied by Diana Magaloni, director of the National Museum of Anthropology, Professor Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, chief curator of the exhibition, commented that only six companies worldwide civilization reached as part of their own development: Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and the Indus Valley (Pakistan) in regard to Africa and East, while in our continent and highlights the Andes Mesoamerica. The large
Mesoamerica, from five centuries before our era until the English arrived, the different cities, under-developed various aspects expressions such as writing, economics, and predictive sciences, monumental architecture, art figurative and long-distance trade, as well as an ideology justifying myths supported by social differences.
Most interesting, said INAH emeritus researcher, is that all these civilizations were able to flourish in different environments: Monte Alban in a mountainous region in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Palenque in the Chiapas jungle, El Tajin in wetlands of the coast Veracruz, the twin cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco in a lacustrine environment in Central Mexico and Teotihuacan on a plateau in this same region.
six ancient cities in Mesoamerica, "continued the archaeologist Eduardo Matos, provides the public a dual education:" On one hand, the creative power of man do not be discouraged by anything, and, secondly, the way the Mesoamerican centers were proposed to base their housing, regardless of adverse events and places in which was embodied his idea of \u200b\u200bthe universe. "
stand in the assembly of recent archaeological discovery or had a long process of restoration, some examples are: tombstones Zapotec, the Board of the Temple of the Foliated Cross and the burial mask of the Red Queen, both of Palenque, the stems of Building the pillars of the Pillars of Tajin, Teotihuacan monolith depicting the earth monster, a canoe that sailed through the canals of Tenochtitlan and three wooden lintels Tlatelolco.
Although the general curator of Mesoamerican Six Cities was in charge Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, INAH emeritus researcher, the sections for each city had to be responsible to specialists in each of these: Martha Carmona (Monte Alban), Laura Fillion (Palenque), Patricia Castillo (El Tajin), Alejandro Sarabia ( Teotihuacan) and Bertina Olmedo (Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco).
Museography plays the architectural features of each city, both ceremonial and residential spaces, one example is the recreation of a Zapotec tomb, the false arch of the Mayan temples, the tennis ball game and El Tajin a residential complex with its walls painted Teotihuacan, to name a few.
Other materials that complement the exhibition, are recreations of how these cities should look at their best, in addition to their videos on the most representative offices: the gold in Monte Alban, Palenque stucco, paint mural in El Tajin, Teotihuacan ceramics The feather in Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco marketing. (Source INAH)
Wednesday, March 16, 2011
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Ancient Mesoamerica News Updates 2011, No. 18: Mexico City - The Exhibit six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment Opens on Thursday March 17
On Thursday March 17, 2011, the exhibit "Six cities ancient Mesoamerica. Society and Environment "will open at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. A total of 411 Archaeological objects from six cities (Monte Alban, Palenque, El Tajin, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco) and Covering 2000 years of history Will Be Shown at this exhibit, as Was Just Report by the National Institute of Anthropology and History . Several of the objects That Will Be exhibit for the first time at the Mexico City museum Are Described in short in the bulletin Below (edited by amanu):
"Six cities in Mesoamerica" \u200b\u200bbrings together two thousand years of history - The ancient cultures that flourished in what Today is Mexico, conducted in different ecological niches, a unique case with respect to other native civilizations of the world show how pre-Hispanic man and created this biodiversity controlled cities such as Monte Alban, Palenque, El Tajin, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, is the theme of the exhibition six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment.
inaugurated on Wednesday March 16 at the National Museum of Anthropology (MNA), and open to the public starting Thursday, "this major exhibition brings together for the first time 411 pieces from 17 collections, mostly from INAH, through which visitors learn about the common features of the first cities, writing, economic control as the ideological myths that sustained the social, as well as the development of predictive sciences, monumental architecture, figurative art and long-distance trade.
Under this conception, exhibition organized by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), brings together under one roof, the Temporary Exhibition Hall of the MNA, the Mayan, Totonac, Zapotec and Mixtec, Teotihuacan and Mexico, which make up a historical past two thousand years. Six
originating cities - Professor Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, chief curator of the exhibition will remain until the end of May, explained that only six companies worldwide civilization reached as part of their own development: Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and the Indus Valley (Pakistan) in regard to Africa and East, while in our continent include the Andes and Mesoamerica.
"The development of these societies of antiquity was important to have great rivers, what is striking in the case of Mesoamerica is how the man knew how to use different ecosystems to establish their settlements."
Six cities that exemplify the above are: Monte Alban (400 BC-1200 AD) whose development occurred in a mountainous region in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca and at its peak reached a population of 40 000 inhabitants, Palenque, Chiapas (350 AD-830 AD), was built in a jungle environment where, during its peak, had to live about 10 thousand people.
El Tajin, Veracruz (600-1200 AD) was located in wetlands of the Gulf Coast, with an estimated population of 20 thousand inhabitants. While in the center of Mexico, Teotihuacan was established (150 BC-650 AD) and had about 100 thousand residents because, among other things, to its unique urban planning.
Finally, Tenochtitlan (1325-1521 AD) and Tlatelolco (1337-1521 AD) accounted for at least 175 000 inhabitants in a lacustrine environment master who knew how to save space in Lake Texcoco, take fishing and hunting, in addition to exploiting the various sites that offered the Valley of Mexico.
six ancient cities in Mesoamerica, "continued the archaeologist Eduardo Matos, provides the public a dual education:" On one hand, the creative power of man do not be discouraged by anything, and, second, how the proposed Mesoamerican base their housing facilities, regardless of adverse events and places in which was embodied his idea of \u200b\u200bthe universe. "
In this regard, Diana Magaloni Kerpel, director of the National Museum of Anthropology, reports that in various forms, a Mesoamerican cities were joined by a common origin myth: "The Earth was born as a monster, a lizard, that when he stood up took the form of a tree. According to the Mesoamerican concept of the cosmos, it had a vertical order, divided into three regions: water main (underworld), land surface (where human events occur) and sky (the upper), with the mountain axis joining at three o'clock.
This pair of myths were present at the stroke of cities, building of pyramids as representations of the mountain, and in everyday life, "Hence the display pieces reflect these beliefs."
Mounting - The body that integrates six ancient cities in Mesoamerica includes guard pieces are housed in INAH national museums of Anthropology and Cultures at the Templo Mayor, the Cultures of Oaxaca and site museums . Others belong to museums Amparo (Puebla), Regional Anthropology "Carlos Pellicer Camara" and Marin Azcuaga Ventura (Tabasco).
During assembly, designed by a team National Coordination of Museums and Exhibitions INAH archaeological objects also highlight recent findings and / or had a long restoration process, which is why several of them are exhibited for the first time in Mexico City, some examples are:
* The dancer, stone block showing a Zapotec warrior ranks first in a ritual act in which genitals were bleeding. It was developed by the fourth century BC to commemorate the early rulers of Monte Alban. * Board
Temple of the Foliated Cross, Palenque, this scene recreates a ritual stone in honor of the god GI, Khan made K'inich B'ahlam the day of his enthronement (7 January 684 AD), in those Mayan city.
* death mask of the Red Queen (600 to 900 AD) found in 1994 in Temple XIII, Palenque. This piece, 25 x 19 cm, belonged to an elite woman of the time and was made with tiles of malachite, jade and obsidian.
* A panel dating from 702 AD and that evokes the death of M. de Palenque K'an Bahlam II
* The shafts of the pillars of the Palace of the Columns of El Tajin, where the arrival of the ruler told Thirteen Rabbit who conquered the city and initiated profound changes in its architecture to 800 - 1200 AD Teotihuacan
* A monolith depicting the Earth Monster, made between the first and second centuries AD, and was richly decorated with pigments of various colors.
* obsidian knives serpent who took part an offering that was found inside the Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan. * Sculpture
old god of fire or Huehuetéotl, considered the most comprehensive so far found in the vicinity of the Teotihuacan.
* Almena spiral-shaped building had to finish the old Tenochtitlan, possibly a calmecac-school-children of the rulers, between 1250 and 1521 AD
* A canoe made from a single trunk that sailed the canals of Tenochtitlan and Lake Texcoco in the late fifteenth century.
* Three wooden lintels 800 years ago belonged to a building in Tlatelolco, and who may have seen Hernan Cortes on his arrival in this ancient city. The restoration of these pieces, by INAH experts, involved a 15 years. Although the curatorship
Six Cities of Mesoamerica was provided by Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, INAH emeritus researcher, the sections for each city had to be responsible to specialists in each of these: Martha Carmona (Monte Alban), Laura Fillion ( Palenque), Patricia Castillo (El Tajin), Alejandro Sarabia (Teotihuacan) and Bertina Olmedo (Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco).
With a museum that lets you "talk" to the part itself, the journey starts with the original cultures and myths rooms originating, to continue the dedicated each of the cities: Monte Alban, Palenque, El Tajin, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco, linked by their ecosystem.
Likewise, the assembly repeats the architectural features of each city, both ceremonial and residential spaces, one example is the recreation of a Zapotec tomb, the false arch of the Mayan temples, the courts of The Ball Game Tajin and Teotihuacan a residential complex with its walls painted, to name a few.
Other materials that complement the exhibition, are recreations of how these cities should look at their best, in addition to their videos on the most representative offices: the gold Monte Alban, Palenque stucco, paint mural in El Tajin, ceramics at Teotihuacan, the feather in Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco marketing.
Finally, the publication of exhibition catalog essays compiled by renowned researchers and Eduardo Matos, Bertina Olmedo, Ruben Cabrera, Diana Magaloni, Jesus Galindo, Miguel Leon-Portilla, Nelly Robles, Patricia Castillo, Saburo Sugiyama, Salvador Guilliem, Teresa Uriarte and Sara Ladrón de Guevara. (Source INAH)
The INAH has Developed a website to Accompany the exhibit, more information on Which Can Be found.
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Ancient MesoAmerica News Updates 2011, No. 17: El Tajín, Veracruz - Recent Investigations at El Tajín Subject of Series of Conferences
From March 17 to March 21, 2011, a series of conferences will be held in which researchers will present the results of the most recent investigations at the archaeological site of El Tajín, located in the north of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Yesterday, Thursday, March 10, 2011, the Instituto Naional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) posted a short bulletin on the upcoming conferences (edited by AMaNU; photo: Ismael Casasola):
Darán a conocer estudios recientes del Tajín - Recent research on the archaeological site of El Tajin, Veracruz, among which the urban design analysis, which could be determined by symbolic aspects, as well as studies done around the Palace of the Columns and the area known as El Tajin Chico, will be announced from 17 to 21 March in a lecture series, which involved a dozen specialists. In line with the activities of Cumbre Tajin, Pre-Hispanic site visitors have the opportunity to delve into the history of this ancient city in the voice of archaeologists and anthropologists National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), including: Patricia Castillo Peña, David Andrade Olvera, Daniel Nahmad Molinari, Jessica Hernandez Tavera, Maria Eugenia Maldonado, Guadalupe Espinosa and Arturo Pascual Soto, UNAM. Forum
academic program will also include a space dedicated to the great city of the Central Highlands, Teotihuacan, which will be addressed through a photo exhibition and commemorative Giving the keynote address of the Pyramid of the Moon, by Dr. Ruben Cabrera. Likewise, the archaeologist Veronica Ortega, also attached to the site, talk Quetzalpapálotl Palace as an example of architecture Teotihuacan elite.
The sub-delegated Veracruz INAH Center, Guadalupe Espinosa Rodriguez announced that the organization of this academic activity falls within the Management Plan of El Tajin, which includes a series of guidelines for improved management of the archaeological zone.
The organization of these academic meetings, involving leading experts, he said, are aimed at medium-term establish a roundtable on this city and other settlements in the north central region of Veracruz, similar to those performed in Other sites, like El Tajin, are World Heritage, as Palenque, Monte Alban and Teotihuacan.
At exactly 17:00 pm in the auditorium Museum Site of El Tajin, over a week, the researchers will present studies of the landmarks of El Tajin, their relationships and influence with the Central Highlands, as well as the proposals are for new territory. Similarly
also discuss the work done around sites near El Tajin, both in terms of archaeological salvage as community work in the archaeological zone Cuyuxquihui in Tecolutla, and prospects of research in northern Veracruz. Landmark buildings
- Dr. Patricia Castillo, Veracruz INAH Center director, will be responsible for opening the lecture series with a talk alluding to the important buildings of the Mesoamerican city which flourished between 600 and 1000 AD, however so far unknown ethnic affiliation of the dwelling.
The construction of El Tajin, he explained, not only fulfill functions of an administrative or ceremonial. In particular, four of them: the court south of the Ball Court, the Palace of the Columns, the Pyramid of the Niches and Xicalcoliuhqui or Great Greca, emulated concepts relating to compliance life cycle, especially during the last phase of occupation the city in the period Epi, between 800 and 1200 AD The archaeologist explained that
the hill located east of El Tajin has a fundamental respect of these four structures, which were built in the Epi with the arrival of the character Thirteen Rabbit, who ruled the city after the overthrow of a group in power.
"The main building is the Pyramid of the Niches because it is in the center of the settlement, facing the sunrise, which allows more light during the equinoxes. Moreover, the sun's rays are also projected to the Ball Game South, so that this structure also keeps a strategic position.
"Another important building is the Great Greca, which has not been fully excavated, but also has an angle consistent with the appearance or sunrise While at the altar of the central courtyard of the Columns Building, where the sovereign had to sit, this star comes out at certain times of year, and its positioning in This building is as if crowned who sat there. " Peña Castillo
now concluded that Dr. Stanislaw Iwaniszewski INAH archaeoastronomical measurements performed to determine if during the summer solstice occurs in the buildings identified a phenomenon related to the stars, so that "this type of analysis we will be able determine with more certainty architecture El Tajin. (Source INAH
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Ancient Mesoamerica News Updates 2011, No. 16: Mexico City - Over 400 Zapotec and Mixtec Objects To Be Shown at "six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment "Exhibit
The upcoming exhibit" Six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment, "to be Shown at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, will present over 400 objects of Zapotec and Mixtec origin. Several emblematic objects will Be Shown together for the first time, for instance the well-known Bat Mask of the God (bat god mask), gold objects from Tomb 7 of Monte Alban (Oaxaca), and the ceremonial vases from Atzompa, as WAS Report by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) on Wednesday, March 9, 2011 (edited by amanu):
Zapotec-Mixtec art, met for the first time - Masterpieces from the Zapotec and Mixtec cultures, like the famous bat god mask, gold objects from the Tomb 7 at Monte Alban, ceremonial vessels and Atzompa site Hispanic model of a mortuary ritual, will be shown together for the only time in the exhibition six ancient cities in Mesoamerica. Society and Environment, which will open the public soon in the National Museum of Anthropology .
Due to its age, dating back five centuries before our era, with the section on Monte Alban begin the journey of this great exhibition, through more than 400 archaeological pieces will realize cultural development attained by this ancient city, and El Tajin, Palenque, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.
In the exhibition, organized by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), a pair of tombstones, made to commemorate the early rulers of Monte Alban, will welcome the hall dedicated to this city of Oaxaca, where you can admire works of art flagship Zapotec and Mixtec, who are part of the collections of the National Anthropology Museum , the Cultures of Oaxaca and Monte Alban Site .
Dr. Martha Carmona, curator of the section devoted to the great metropolis of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, said that the public will find in this exhibit evidence of the oldest urban settlement in Mesoamerica, which maintained a continuous domain by Zapotec at least one thousand 250 years, from 500 BC to 750 AD.
"Throughout all those centuries, Monte Alban never stopped to be an important city and sacralization. Besides having been the first Mesoamerican, no other city had a survival as hard and as prominent a centralized power, "he said. Hence
two tablets representing the power of their rulers, kicking off the tour of this room. The first, dating from between 200 and 600 AD, comes from the J Building, this block of stone shows a ruler, possibly 1 tremor, wearing a mask of the god of rain and a jaguar head in hand, allegory the slaughter and beheading of an enemy leader.
The other stone, made between 500 and 150 BC, was part of the facade of Building L and it is observed a warrior of the first ladder in a ritual where genital bleeding. On the opposite side there is another character reversed, apparently an outline left by an error in your writing.
In this regard, another masterpiece that stands out and that comes from the collection of the Museum of Cultures of Oaxaca is the Type of Cuilapan also held in the Preclassic period (500-150 BC). It is clay representation of a male figure that stands out for its simplicity and nakedness, likewise, is seen having dental mutilation, which was typical of the elite.
In Monte Alban, including genealogies were represented in clay pots, an example of this are six of these parts to the sixth century AD were offered up in a structure located at the center of the main architectural Atzompa. Each is engraved with a calendar name: 5 Lord, 1 Jaguar, 5 Lagarto, 13 Mono, 2 and 2 Eye Corn, apparently it is a lineage founded by 5 Lord, who had great influence in an era of prosperity the city.
For Martha Carmona, a researcher at the National Museum of Anthropology , Monte Alban can be defined as "the city of tombs, which were incorporated into the domestic architecture in the case of the ruling class under his palaces were built .
Because of this fundamental characteristic of Prehispanic settlement, it was decided to recreate the Tomb 104 (500 - 800 AD) with its facade composed cornices, moldings and a board of scapular double play architecture of the city. In this offering highlight five pieces placed at the feet of the deceased, the center of the god of thunder Cocijo, and his four companions sides related to clouds, wind, rain and hail.
In this area of \u200b\u200bthe funeral rites, is also mentioned the exhibition of one of the few models so far discovered pre-Hispanic archaeological sites in Mexico, representing a mourning ceremony, which was discovered at the entrance of the Tomb 103, Monte Alban.
A piece, recovered in a mortuary context dating from 100 BC - 200 AD, is the flagship bat god mask, which was part of a funerary. In 1999 this beautiful mosaic, made up of more than 25 pieces of jade, six pieces of shell and three outstanding board, underwent a comprehensive restoration process by Dr. Martha Carmona and restaurateurs, which resulted in a much features slimmer and more responsive to the plastic of Monte Alban beginning of our era.
Likewise, a skull will be displayed (200 - 600 AD) with tabular erect type strain and a burr hole was made with a small drill. It is noteworthy that most pre-Columbian skulls with these holes, which were curative purposes, from Monte Alban.
Martha Cardona explained that Monte Alban was developed in a defensive strategic location at the top of the imposing Cerro del Jaguar, which leveled the Zapotec sacred space to plot and build the first buildings, from a platform 300 meters by 200 wide.
A century after the domain of this city by the Columbian Zapotec, Mixtec, reoccupied some of their spaces and left valuable evidence as exquisite polychrome pottery and gold objects that elaborated by mastering techniques the cold metal work and heating.
As Six single piece of ancient cities in Mesoamerica ... , will present a golden labrets (motif that was placed on the lower lip) found in Tomb 7, which is the head shot cocoxtli stylized bird, which identifies the Macuilxóchitl Xochipilli god. Goldsmith's work was to melt the lip plugs and crimp on a bird carved from jade, and the union of both fertility evoked precious materials and heat.
Martha Carmona concluded that the Board of Monte Alban seeks to highlight the tremendous advances in science and the arts in a city whose beginnings were very early, which also houses many of its secrets, including aspects of archaeo-type, which must be studied by specialists. (Source INAH)
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- (surprised) Isabel Pantoja?
- YES, ISABEL PANTOJA, WHAT?
- Nothing, nothing ... that I was surprised, but still ...
- Isabel Pantoja sings a song that contains one of the most beautiful metaphors to describe a camel, "sailing ship full of dreams" ... the sailboat
full of dreams
crossed the bay I do not know what drugs will be addicted the Pantoja, but this song tells a fairly common situation: the addict is left with the camel, although it is doing the pot and leave it lying. And it's out there, reeds, getting stripes and singing in the bars of the port ... I forgot
moon gull
I was waiting and gone in waves rocking silver
singing singing
bewitched you that afternoon the smell of orange blossom
... it is no accident. In the foreword to "The Naked Lunch by William S. Burroughs were explained and the three basic principles of monopoly of the drug, and the second one says: "Never give more than is necessary (be the buyer hungry and always make him wait forever)" ... sailor
lights sun and shade
olive sea and stayed
your silence
red and sand stuck in my
- Poor Elizabeth ... Hey, do you think we ever let out of this site?
- Shut up. Leave me alone. And put me the song. It is at this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRqlwwIP53Q
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Thursday, March 10, 2011
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Ancient Mesoamerica News Updates 2011, No. 15: Cañada de la Virgen, Guanajuato - New Book "The mountain and the sky" Describes Ancient Hñahñu (Otomi) Archaeoastronomical The
Phenomena National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) just posted a bulletin on the new publication "The mountain and sky," which describe archaeoastronomical phemenomena at the site of Cañada de la Virgen, San Miguel de Allende, Located in the Mexican state of Guanajuato. The site WAS Occupied circa AD 540-1050 and WAS found by the Hñahñu (Otomi). The book is written by archaeologist Rossana Quiroz Ennis and is based on seven years of research at the site. The INAH bulletin describe, in short, Some of the phenomena and Some of the buildings Involved (edited by amanu):
They document the ancient astronomy Hñahñu - Progress archaeoastronomical studies made in the Glen of the Archaeological Zone Virgin in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, are presented in the book The hill and sky, which examines how the ancient Hñahñu built this architectural complex, occupied between 540 and 1050 AD, from the observation of the sky.
After looking at the sky and develop a more than seven years in pre-Hispanic site was opened on February 10, archaeologist Rossana Quiroz Ennis detailed in this publication were accurate knowledge that the builders of this city, particularly cycles of the Sun and the Moon.
In the book, published by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) with support from the State Government Guanajuato, the researcher reports that record the movement of the stars, was instrumental in the development of daily activities-Hñahñu Otomi peoples, "An example of this is that the rising and setting of the sun were related to agriculture, while the lunar cycle was associated with gathering and hunting."
This study is part of the Celestial Observations Programme Area in Cañada de la Virgen Archaeological Site, developed by researchers at the INAH, the initiative began in 2003 and has been corroborated over the years that this site had an important astronomical sense, "Because knowledge of astronomy was connected to the survival and social organization of farming villages," said Rossana Quiroz Ennis.
March, he said, is a special month for the ceremonial, for the day 4, the sun and the moon a few days later, pass through the gate of the complex A or House of the Thirteen Heavens, that is the main architectural Cañada de la Virgen. "Both stars go down to the sacred hill, as regards the metaphor of the seeds that fall to earth," said Quiroz Ennis.
The expert of the Institute of Anthropological Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, said that in most explored archaeological sites in Mexico, Tula and Teotihuacan, the buildings are oriented toward the east, so the sun emerges from behind of the pyramids.
"For Cañada de la Virgen opposite happens, the buildings are to the west, a pattern rare in Mesoamerica, which favors the Sun appears in front, this event is seen most clearly in the House of the Thirteen Heavens, where the star passes through its portal and makes it appear that goes into it. "
This phenomenon, he added, so with the moon and deals symbolically with the landscape of the underworld, through the night, so this site is more related to the lunar aspect.
"The emphasis on the moon is a feature that distinguishes this site from others that have been studied archaeo approach, the contemplation of this satellite was related to the collection dates, even with this knowledge could predict eclipses.
"Most sites are governed by solar calendars because it's easier interpretation, the star has two solstices and equinox, the account is 20 days in the case of the Mesoamerican calendar, and 13 for the tonalamatl or book of days. "
after referring to the moon is changing all the time and space of a full moon takes 29.53 days, the archaeologist explained that in Cañada de la Virgen lunar cycle marked the moments for the hunt, time of blooming cactus The moment women were to give birth, the time of the fall de la lluvia, los tiempos favorables para sembrar, entre muchas otras cuestiones de la vida cotidiana.
Rossana Quiroz subrayó que el conocimiento que los hñahñu (otomí) tenían de la Luna, les permitió determinar las fechas de los eclipses, que eran momentos relevantes en la cosmovisión mesoamericana, “porque eran instantes en donde el equilibrio se perdía, en culturas como la otomí un eclipse significaba que el Sol se comió o mató a la Luna o viceversa.
“Los eclipses eran momentos de cuidado, sin embargo, curiosamente en algunos códices, como el Huichapan, eran periodos propicios para que se nombrara un nuevo jerarca dentro de la comunidad”, concluyó.
Además the recent publication of the book The Hill and the sky, archaeologist Rossana Quiroz Ennis presents a traveling exhibition allusive, consisting of 45 photographs in light boxes, which has been displayed since last year in cultural venues of Michoacan and Guanajuato, currently shown in Tuxteco Regional Museum in Veracruz. (Source INAH)
Tuesday, March 8, 2011
Sirdar Wool Wholesaler
Interview editors Bliss. Visions of the beat generation
Bliss. Visions of the beat generation is the new jewel of Baladí editions. Are your leaders? Two poets, writers, novelists, editors and lovers of the universe of words and their conjugates: Vicente Muñoz Álvarez and Ignacio Escuín .
We talked about the book takes days, and for the premiere of Howl (Rob Epstein & Jeffrey Friedman) on March 25, a film that accomplishes the influence of a poet, Allen Ginsberg and a poem , Howl , we return to the influence, energy, imagination and iconic force of beats . Álvarez Muñoz and Escuín admit the influence of those uprooted genius of free will that left an amazing mark in American literature (in addition to Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, Charles Bukowski, Diane Di Prima, Gregory Corso, William Burroughs, etc, etc) .
Both poets, Leonese and Teruel have been thrown into the road, collecting stories (as diverse as their authors, and inspired by the philosophy beat) of the sparkling new pool of English writers, that it must be said, leave the reader with an open mouth and with the conviction that the literary world is vigorously alive. Larepublicacultural has approached both responsible This vibrant book to tell us their projects and experiences with Bliss.
know you want to start well. Ignacio, tell us Eclipsed. Vicente's your turn to tell us about Vinalia Trippers.
Ignacio: Eclipsed is a project born out of interest in literature, by giving back some of what she has given us. We have published many books (more than eighty-five) and they all have enjoyed our work and our commitment has been editing what we liked, what we thought he brought them some.Vicente: Vinalia was originally a fanzine for adult illustrated stories first published in 1995 in Leon with the idea of \u200b\u200bgiving out a kind of literary underground, alternative and politically incorrect not usually find space in official court publications despite the unquestionable quality of their proposals. Those already knew a lot of talented writers none by the system and the canon, and we set out to create for them a platform to express the tone, with pulp and underground aesthetics, merging with other branches of literature parallel, like the comic and illustration, music, independent films, etc. We took nine issues of the fanzine and five paperbacks from 1995 to 2001 and returned in 2007 with a tribute book, "Crew: New Adventures of Vinalia Trippers" which coordinated with David Gonzalez for editorial Eclipsed. Last year we released another number-format book, "Plan 9 from Outer Space" and a charge of poems dedicated to the late Argentine writer Raúl Núñez. And now we are about to edit the number 11, is titled "Trippers from the Crypt." To put it another way, Vinalia has been the germ of many other projects I have worked in recent years, anthologies such as "Shock": "Fictions of social cruelty "(which I coordinated with Eloy Fernandez Porta), Surf / Hankover: A tribute to Charles Bukowski (with Patxi Irurzun) or" 23 Pandoras: Poetry English alternative, besides, of course, of Bliss. It was, in short, a meeting point for many artists, who has served as a quarry for testing and what has been coming later.
Ignacio: be a poet has always been just as complicated, and on the other hand is not whether or not it is, is finally write poetry away, as far as possible, the difficulties extras, quite difficult is itself write poetry.Vicente: Poetry has never been easy, neither before nor now, nor will it be after either. It's a minority stake and difficult, but the wearer in some way will make it out. On the other hand, and oddly enough, virtual networks have democratized poetry somehow , allowing writers to publish without the mediation of publishers, using blogs and websites, etc.
Ignacio: Since I met Vicente Muñoz Álvarez felt we'd end up working on a project like this. He gave me the essence beat and it was inevitable that sooner or later we put our hands work with this project. is a necessary book. All employees have understood this and that is very important.Vicente: Well, Nacho and I had some time going around to this project. Talked about this in the Crew presentations, and since then we have been outlining the idea to have the book ready. We felt like an anthology so in times of lack of imagination and spirit as the present , was a must and that somehow connect to achieve an alternative sector of society. Baladí immediately became enthusiastic about the proposal we sent the book to convince them there was nothing. Like us, David and Nacho, the publishers, readers and lovers of culture beat, and the idea of \u200b\u200bpublishing this book will instantly seduced. Between them, authors, publishers and autologous, we formed a good team. And that, good vibrations can be felt in the content and form of Bliss .
Ignacio: And what a joy if you keep up. The beat always been among us, but it is true that a push to return to bookstores (not usual) would be a success.Vicente: only it were so, it would be great. In fact, when I began to read to the beat, in the late 80's, was in the bookstores where you had to go get them, except for some very specific titles such as On the Road . Hopefully this book and our tribute contribute a bit to beat the cause.
Ignacio: My story is my presentation text. I talked to Vincent and I decided not to make a forced text also believe that the book has been great as it is. It would have been different under other circumstances, but life sometimes does not leave us much room and have to be honest with literature always . If there is time there is not, and I am very happy with this book as it is.Vicente: I bring that story to the anthology as the finale, closing the book because I wanted to talk about the movement and mysticism beat, the way of therapy and avoidance of the mundane with the road, which is essentially what it addresses my story, the anthology titled, Bliss, and focused on Lisbon, a cosmopolitan and evocative as few with I personally feel indebted.
Ignacio: In some ways yes, but sometimes I prefer the later generations of beats, such as Vicente Muñoz. There Miguel beats also earlier as part of the group Labordeta and Nike in Zaragoza, survivors of happiness and freedom in a period in which these two things were almost impossible.Vicente: honestly do not see too many parallels between them. Yes, perhaps, in the backdrop of social and artistic innovation, rebellion against the system, but not in terms of aesthetics and content. La Movida (no disparagement of works lit) was basically frivolity, held after the end of the scheme (Nameless), but the Beat Generation was much more, something more serious and spiritual, philosophical and existential, mystical and revelatory ...
Ignacio: Ashes Allen Ginsberg (Uberto Stabile), Pi (Almudena Vidorreta) India or fear (Ana Pérez Cañamares) Footprints in the dust (David Gonzalez), The friendly finance company (Eloy Fernandez Porta).A Pi hits the Velvet Underground , maybe that version of Jane super sweet. The text of Eloy more conceptual, something beat David "rabid" and that of Uberto Stabile beat the melody that you can find absolutely beat.Vicente: Three'sa crowd (Eduardo Almiñana) Jack, we need to talk (Inma Luna), On the (Soviet) road (Miquel Silvestre) Dharma Thief (Luke Smith), uncles With any (Safrika).uffff ... a tough, no doubt ... Let's see, for Three'sa crowd, Tom Waits, for example, may Rain Dogs. To Jack, we need to talk, some Nina Simone . For On the (Soviet) road, Born to be Wild, Steppenwolf (Miquel is also an excellent writer, an avid biker). For Dharma Thief, a quick background didgeridoo (the instrument he plays Luke) and the story of Safrika, Hot Generation, the Pandoras.
Ignacio: I think a book should be "recommended" . The concept is not required with this book. With many not go and carry that label. Reading is important, but this is a book that young readers have to come at the suggestion of others, books beats, de otras lecturas cruzadas. Pero sería todo un honor que nos leyesen los jóvenes, que este libro les ayudara a querer más los libros, otros libros, todos los libros.Vicente: Está bien tu comparación, salvando las distancias. Cervantes, a su manera, fue también un beat revolucionario , y El Quijote una auténtica road movie a la española, estoy de acuerdo. Y claro que debería leerse On the road en los colegios… Conectaría con los jóvenes lectores mejor que cualquier libro de los que habitualmente les recomiendan, estoy seguro. Y lo digo por propia experiencia…
Ignacio: As Any breaks after a period of great stagnation produce some effects may not be as interesting. But all roads and trails marked by the freedom they are, so it's ideal (and most beat) is that everyone can make their way, go east on places more thorough or more mindless, it is important to choose-grow- dream on the road.Vicente: Ah, these designer drugs ... how much damage has been done ... and what remains to be seen yet ... Brains destroyed, they would say ...Eskorbuto
Ignacio: Youth today are great, free, very free . Perhaps society is the problem. I have no fatalistic view of youth, I look wonderful. Perhaps this globalization "American" is more responsible for some of the things some want to see. Perhaps the problem is that all societies behave as one based on values \u200b\u200bunwise.Vicente: Well, many stories in the book, must be taken into account, portray a minority and even marginal sector of society, for which the rules of the majority, so to speak, are not which govern their lives ... Also in the 50 prevailed the same problems you mention, or similar , and beat looked the other way, just to mysticism, pacifism, insubordination, etc.
Ignacio As I said, Vicente Beat may be my favorite, but so are those who fight for their ideals leaving it all on the road (as Sergio Gaspar, for example).Vicente : of Sam Shepard's , for example, one of the most brilliant heirs of the beat. Bolaño Or, as you say. Or, to focus on our country and Bliss, of Miquel Silvestre, written literally on the road, or the Carla Badillo, a friend of the beats of Frisco, or that of David Gonzalez , visceral and insurgency, or that of Uberto Stabile , to name a few.
Ignacio: No, the truth is that it was fortunate that Vincent so well known writers of his generation and I try to learn as well to mine. We love to read, we like to read it all, read them all and know them.Vicente: the contrary, has allowed us to verify receipt of the beat phenomenon in nearly three generations of English writers, which was one of the premises of this book. He has made more varied set and appealing.
Ignacio: There's always a next book in mind, that we live, our literary desire. Without that dream no literature, life certainly has not. The literary landscape is rich, it allows all the possibilities and I refuse to not see an optimistic way. Every time I doubt labels like Baladí appear to me to remember this is a party the books, which are part of it and are happy.Vicente: I'm finishing off my new book of poems, Lost Animals, which will soon deliver to press. And in the process of publishing an essay on cult movies, which addresses another of my great passions, independent film and independent cinema. And preparing, as already mentioned, the new issue of Vinalia Trippers, literature devoted to pulp horror. As for your second question, well, it's true what he says, and sad too, but it is also true that there is a growing excitement of small publishers that are committed new authors, and an infrastructure of blogs and spaces to publish the network of the most diverse and promising. Again, the advantages of the blogosphere.
Ignacio: Say more than once, and now it has become customary on Sunday morning as fun. Outside jokes, yes, and do it again, of course.Vicente: Picnic Hahaha ... sometimes as a snack ... Joking aside, as in all movements, there are things you mention in more and less valuable, and good can always take advantage, leaving complexes side and fashions.
Monday, March 7, 2011
Friday, March 4, 2011
Gold Desert 50 Fiyatı
Ancient Mesoamerica News Updates 2011, No. 14: Mexico City - Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun Sculptured Stone
Exhibit To Be At the upcoming exhibition "Six ancient cities Mesoamerica. Society and Environment, "a monolithic stone sculpture from the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan will be exhibited for the first time. The stone was found in 2007, deposited in antiquity in a platform on the southeast of the pyramid, and was sculptured in the first to the second century A.D., as the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) informed yesterday, Thursday, March 3, 2011. The INAH bulletin additionally describes various other important Teotihuacan sculptures which will be shown at the exhibition, which will be shown at Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City(edited by AMaNU; photo: INAH):
Exhibirán monolito que formó parte de la Pirámide del Sol - A stone with the depiction of a deity still unknown, that during the first two centuries of our era was part of the Pyramid of the Sun in the pre-Columbian city of Teotihuacan, is shown for the first time in the exhibition six ancient cities in Mesoamerica . Society and Environment that will open shortly in the National Museum of Anthropology.
Along with this piece, discovered in 2007, will perform the complete sculpture of the god found so far Huehuetéotl, said archaeologist Alejandro Sarabia, curator of the hall dedicated to Teotihuacan in this great exhibition, bringing together in one place 400 pieces of pre-Hispanic, which will cover the development of this ancient city, as well as Monte Alban, El Tajin, Palenque, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. Teotihuacan
pieces recently discovered, he said, were found during various investigations in the Pyramid of the Sun, in addition to archaeological rescue in the town of San Juan Teotihuacan, Mexico State.
The director of the archaeological site said that the monolith, done in gray andesite "is unique in that it represents a deity yet unidentified in the iconography of Teotihuacan. Likewise, preserved stucco and pigment, mostly red, representing case is not recurring with respect to other stone carvings of the site. " Sarabia
explained that this sculpture was found in December 2007 on a platform surrounding the southwest corner of the Pyramid of the Sun after its discovery was subjected to a long conservation process (in the area of \u200b\u200brestoration of the archaeological site) with aim of setting the pigments it has.
"The monolith is 98 cm high, 106 wide and 93 deep, dating from a time early in the history of the city of Teotihuacan, between I and II, AD Initially had to operate as an architectural element Pyramid of the Sun, and was then dismantled along with other similar sculptures to be "gift" to another building attached to the pyramid.
"So far, we have identified the monolith with an earth or underworld deity, similar to Olmec god of the earth, because amongst their iconographic features large protruding eyes and a jawless mouth that resembles a cave. The gods commonly represented in Teotihuacan, as in murals, sculptures and ceramics, are: Quetzalcoatl, god of rain or storm, and Huehuetéotl, the old god of fire. "
In this regard, INAH researcher commented that in the third room dedicated to Teotihuacan, the exhibition Six ancient cities in Mesoamerica The centerpiece will be just a sculpture of the god Huehuetéotll, "this is the most complete representation, and one of the largest, found so far, was discovered in 2001 as part of an archaeological salvage performed in the town of San Juan Teotihuacan.
This piece-de 51 cm high, 54 wide and 52 deep-was also developed in andesite, a stone that belongs to the Teotihuacan Valley, "though the cut and style is typically Teotihuacan, was found with two small sculptures of the deity, they were destroyed, "explained Alejandro Sarabia. The painting depicts
Huehuetéotl carrying a large brazier with symbols marking the directions of the universe. Teotihuacan deity that is represented in a standardized way, for even when they have found other materials produced in different sizes and in others, always has the same shape and position, sitting with his legs crossed.
The director of the Teotihuacan announced that another piece to be presented at the National Museum of Anthropology, is a smooth trail, 131 m high and 250 kilos in weight, manufactured in green stone from the V or AD VI, which was discovered again in 2001 between the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun
"Usually the contrails were embedded on the floor or in a temple, in front of a main building or in the middle of a courtyard. Know for sure the role, but is usually used to mark specific activities of the group in power. "
According to the archaeologist Sarabia, the section dedicated to this city is designed so that visitors to improve understanding of this ancient metropolis that began its history to the second and first centuries BC, and grew so fast, "Village scattered farm, a large settlement that for the first century AD, and exceeded the 40 000 inhabitants, the largest concentration in America at that time. "
Among the factors that influenced in housing density of Teotihuacan, highlight the arrival of several groups from the Valley of Mexico. "It was the largest city in the continent in pre-Hispanic times, was to spread over 22.5 square kilometers, only its ceremonial center has two linear miles, this is the main feature in terms of urban society, which is the subject of this discussion Mesoamerican six cities, "he said Sarabia. (Source INAH)